The Evolution of Saptamatrika Iconography in the Vidisha Region: A Study in Shakta Traditions

Abstract

This paper examines the evolution of Saptamatrika iconography in the Vidisha region within the larger context of Shakta traditions, emphasizing the relationship among textual guidelines, local customs and tangible artefacts. While existing scholarship has largely emphasized descriptive and text-based analyses, this study adopts a comprehensive method that incorporates iconographic analysis, archaeological findings, and literary material to understand the historical processes influencing the evolution of Saptamatrika. This research claims that Saptamatrika didn’t emerged as a stable and uniform entity but evolved gradually from local mother goddess traditions (mātṛgaṇa) associated with fertility, protection and liminal spaces. Sculptural findings from locations like Udayagiri, Pathari, and Besnagar exhibit initial shapes defined by limited distinction and shared identity, indicating an experimental and transitional stage. Over time, especially during the Gupta and early medieval eras, these forms became more organized, showcasing distinct characteristics and connections to major Brahmanical gods. A significant contribution of this research is the gap between written traditions and physical representations, indicating that iconographic standardization wasn't solely influenced by texts but developed through local artistic customs and religious integration and comprehending the evolution of Saptamatrika iconography and the wider processes of religious change in early India.